Readings:
• McMeekin, S. (2015) the Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East. (chapter 1) London: Penguin Press.
• Chatty, D. (2010) Dispossession and Displacement in the Modern Middle East, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (chapter 2)
Suggested readings:
• Bakkour, Samer. The End of Middle East Peace Process: the Failure of US Diplomacy (Routledge: New York, London, 2022)
• Bakkour Samer.(2022), Daraa and the Altered Trajectory of the Syrian Crisis, Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, p. 225-242, https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2022.2099025
• Barakat, Nora Elizabeth, an Empty Land? Nomads and Property Administration in Hamidian Syria, Dissertation 2015.
• Berkey, K. and G. Gavrilis (2016) ‘the Ottoman Millet System: Non-territorial Autonomy and its Contemporary Legacy’. In Ethno politics, 15 (1): 24-42
• Bryant, R. (ed.) Post-Ottoman Coexistence: Sharing Space in the Shadow of Conflict. Space and Place Series. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016).
• Chatty, D (2013) ’ Refugees, Exiles, and other Forced Migrants in the Late Ottoman Empire’. In Refugee Survey Quarterly. Vol 32 (2):35-52.
• Kasaba, R. A Moveable Empire: Ottoman Nomads, Migrants, and Refugees (Seattle, WA, 2009)
• Kasaba, R. Nomads and Tribes in the Ottoman Empire in Chirstine Woodhead, the Ottoman World, (Abingdon, Routledge, 2012).
• Kedourie, E. (1983) ‘Minorities and majorities in the Middle East’, Archives Européenes de Sociologie 25(2): 276-282.
• McCarthy, J. Death and Exile: the Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1992, Princeton: Darwin Press, 1995).
• Quataert, D. (2000) the Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
• Koksal, Yonca (2006) Coercion and mediation: Centralization and sedentarization of tribes in the Ottoman empire, Middle Eastern Studies 42(3): 469-491